4. Evidence Source
| IMPACTS (NEGATIVE) | ||
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No |
Citation / Evidence |
Detail of citation, evidence to support |
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Individual |
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|
Health impact |
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|
123 |
Percentage of people who stated their health was affected by their gambling (S. 4.4) Gambling has adverse health outcomes (Finding 4.1). |
|
|
124 |
Health impacts include suicide, mental health issues, depression and anxiety, guilt, loss of enjoyment (S. 7 – Refer to Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1) |
|
|
125 |
DOJ 2009 (Hare), A Study of Gambling in Victoria Problem Gambling from a Public Health Perspective |
Problem and moderate risk gamblers more likely to have poor health, and to have experienced illness or injury in the last 12 months. Also more likely to have co-morbidities (Ch. 8). |
|
126 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Health impacts include depression, stress, anxiety, lethargy, insomnia, poor nutrition, suicidal thoughts, increased caffeine/nicotine consumption, sweats, confusion, panic and ulcers (Ch. 8). |
|
127 |
Severe mental disorder, alcohol use, depression and smoking. |
|
|
128 |
Law, M. (2005), House of cards, Problem gambling and low income earners in Tasmania SARC |
People with gambling problems have been found to have an incidence of poor health twice that of people experiencing low level gambling problems. Ill-health, high blood pressure, depression, anxiety, food insecurity, stress and insomnia (S.5). |
|
129 |
Chow-Fairhall et al 2006, NAGS Conference Paper, Suicide and problem gambling |
Strong link between suicide and problem gambling. |
|
130 |
Lin et al 2010, Time and money spent gambling and the relationship with quality-of-life measures |
Time spent on EGMs was the greatest risk for people experiencing lower quality of life in New Zealand. |
|
Higher risk employment position |
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|
131 |
CGER 2009 Gambling Problems: Gambling and Problem Gambling Amongst Gaming Venue Staff |
Gaming venue staff are more likely to gamble more often than the general public, and at significantly higher risk of becoming a problem gambler (Ch.6). |
|
Loss of personal finances |
||
|
132 |
Debts, loans, bankruptcy, financial hardship, loss of assets (S.7 - Refer to Figure 7.1) |
|
|
133 |
Losses from EGM gambling at a venue level. |
|
|
Interpersonal |
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|
Relationship breakdown |
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|
134 |
On average, one problem gambler affects seven people around them. Relationship breakdown as a result of lack of trust, increased arguments, stress and financial hardship (S.7). |
|
|
135 |
DOJ 2009 (Hare), A Study of Gambling in Victoria – Problem Gambling from a Public Health Perspective |
Problem or moderate risk gamblers are more likely to have experienced divorce, marriage or relationship problems or increase in arguments with people you are close to (Ch.8). |
|
136 |
GRP 2004 Problem Gamblers, Loved Ones and Service Providers (New Focus Research) |
Negative impact on individuals, families and communities of problem gambling including: loss of housing, debt and suicide. Evidence of divorce and separation as a result of gambling. |
|
137 |
Law, M. (2005), House of cards, Problem gambling and low income earners in Tasmania,SARC |
Breakdown of relationships between partners, parents, children and siblings due to neglect, arguments, stress, ill-health and loss of trust (S. 4). |
|
138 |
Dickson-Swift et al, The experience of living with a problem gambler |
Considers the significant effects that gambling has on financial security, family relationships, and physical and emotional health of families and friends of problem gamblers. |
|
Family violence |
||
|
139 |
Domestic violence can be triggered or exacerbated by gambling (S.7 - Refer Figure 7.1). |
|
|
140 |
Community West 2007, Exploring the Links Between Family Violence and Problem Gambling |
Family violence can be either the cause of gambling (gambling as a means of coping), or the outcome (increase in violence due to stressors created from gambling) (Vol.1). |
|
Loss of finances from the family, including not repaying borrowed money |
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|
141 |
Law, M. (2005), House of cards, Problem gambling and low income earners in Tasmania, SARC |
People with a gambling problem spend 22% of their household income on gambling. People who gamble but who do not have a problem spend less than 2%. Loss of finances results in health issues, food insecurity, housing insecurity and inability to pay bills. |
|
142 |
Losses from EGM gambling at a venue level. |
|
|
143 |
Financial impacts. Adverse financial impacts include borrowing money without repaying, borrowing from loan sharks, selling belongings, fraud (S. 7 – Table 7.13). |
|
|
Intergenerational transmission of problem gambling to children of problem gamblers |
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|
144 |
Children of problem gamblers are significantly more likely to develop gambling problems themselves. |
|
|
Family health problems through inability to pay bills, medical costs or buy nutritious food. |
||
|
145 |
Health impacts include suicide, mental health issues, depression and anxiety, guilt, loss of enjoyment (S. 7 - Refer to Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1). |
|
|
146 |
GRP 2004, Problem Gamblers, Loved Ones and Service Providers (New Focus Research) |
Negative impacts of problem gambling on families. |
|
147 |
Law, M. (2005), House of cards, Problem gambling and low income earners in Tasmania, SARC |
Lack of finances results in food insecurity, sanitation problems through an inability to pay bills, housing instability (S.5). |
|
148 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Gambling can adversely affect nutritional health of the gambler and their family. The nutrition and care of children may be neglected during gambling sessions and general household hygiene may be compromised when gambling debts result in unpaid electricity and water bills (Ch. 8). |
|
149 |
GRP 2004, Problem Gamblers, Loved Ones and Service Providers (New Focus) |
Negative impact on individuals, families and communities of problem gambling including: loss of housing, debt and suicide ideation. |
|
Organisational |
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|
Impact on community support services |
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|
150 |
Deakin University 2005, Gambling and the impact on community services in Eastern Melbourne |
Lack of data collection means empirical analysis is not available. Qualitative data revealed that people increased their use of community services as a direct result of gambling. Impacts of gambling are highly variable and gambling is often indicative of other problems. |
|
151 |
AIHW 2009, Problem gambling amongst those seeking homelessness services |
In 2007-08, there were 2,462 Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) support periods where the client was identified as having gambling problems (1.2%) |
|
152 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Work productivity can decrease as a result of gambling (Ch.7). |
|
Workplace fraud |
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|
153 |
Link between fraud and gambling in Australia |
|
|
154 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Fraud and embezzlement as a result of gambling are underreported , not detected or disclosed (Ch. 9). |
|
Decrease in workplace productivity |
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|
155 |
GRP 2004, Problem Gamblers, Loved Ones and Service Providers (New Focus Research) |
Evidence of poor study or work performance. |
|
156 |
Work productivity (Ch. 3). |
|
|
157 |
Problem gamblers reported loss of productivity, impact on work behaviour, pre-occupation with gambling, absenteeism, moved jobs or job loss as impacts of gambling (S.7.4). |
|
|
Decrease in revenue for existing venues |
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|
158 |
This, and many other decisions including Stolberg, Bridge Inn and Laurimar discuss the amount of transferred revenue from existing gaming venues to the new venue, therefore a direct loss of income for those venues (Para. 61-75 'Expenditure') |
|
|
Community |
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|
Redistribution of expenditure within the local economy |
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|
159 |
Affects the economic performance of other industries; competes against other suppliers of goods and services for the consumers' dollar (S. 4.4 ) . |
|
|
160 |
Gambling industries do not create net employment benefits, because they divert employment from one part of the economy to another (S. 6.1). |
|
|
161 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Expenditure may be drawn away from the café and restaurant sector (Ch.5, p.47). |
|
162 |
SACES 2001, The impact of gaming machines on small regional economies |
Gambling is financed by diverting other purchases which can impact on other business and employment in small regional economies. |
|
Employment loss |
||
|
163 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Gambling industry is a low-intensity employer (Ch.5. Impact of Electronic Gaming Machines on Employment) |
|
164 |
EGM gambling sector is a very capital intensive sector, with low employment intensity. Can lead to a fall of overall employment through redistribution of discretionary funding (p.5) EGM industry a relatively small purchaser of inputs and that most supplies are not bought locally (p.5-6) |
|
|
165 |
SACES 2008, Social and economic impact study into gambling in Tasmania V1 |
Found no evidence that the introduction of EGMs had a positive impact on the level of hotel and club sector employment in Tasmania (p.142) |
|
Increased crime levels |
||
|
166 |
DOJ 2010 (Wheeler) The Relationship Between Crime and Gaming Expenditure in Victoria |
The relationship between the gambling industry as a whole and organised crime has been established in past literature (Pinto and Wilson, 1990) (S. 2.1.1). Based on anecdotal evidence, the community believes that gamblers turn to crime to fund their habits (S. 2.2). |
|
167 |
SACES 2008, Social and economic impact study into gambling in Tasmania V1 |
Significant relationship between gaming expenditure and crime rates in Tasmania (p.207). |
|
168 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
Crime and gambling. Most gambling-related crime is finance driven and is underreported (Ch.9). |
|
169 |
Allen Group 2009, Alcohol-related harm and the operation of licensed premises |
Licensed venues with gaming are more likely than licensed venues without gaming to have criminal offenses recorded in or near their premises. Gaming is regarded as a risk factor. |
|
170 |
2008 survey found that gambling was the most common motivation for fraud. The average loss was $1.1 million per incident (Overview p.16). |
|
|
Perceived safety |
||
|
171 |
DOJ 2010 (Wheeler) The Relationship Between Crime and Gaming Expenditure in Victoria |
Social interactions play a role in crimes; Crime can follow a diffusion process through direct contact between the first criminal and his or her followers (this requires contact between criminals), or a relocation diffusion where criminals move from one point to another, seeking further opportunities for crime – affects community (S. 5.1). Based on anecdotal evidence, the community believes that gamblers turn to crime to fund their habits (S. 2.2). |
|
Perceived community wellbeing |
||
|
172 |
At 72: In considering the issue of net social and economic detriment, the Commission must be influenced by the effect that granting the application will have on the community. At 85: On balance the Commission found it was not satisfied that if the application was granted, the net economic and social impact of the proposal would not be detrimental to the wellbeing of the community. |
|
|
173 |
SACES 2005, Community Impacts of EGM Gambling (Victoria and Western Australia) |
71% of Australians either slightly or strongly disagreed with the statement that "overall, gambling does more good than harm for the community". |
|
174 |
At 80: Application refused because if granted "it would result in a sense of discontent or unhappiness in a significant part of the Jan Juc community and would be detrimental to its sense of wellbeing". |
|
|
Social capital reduced |
||
|
175 |
People withdrew from social groups and networks as a result of gambling. |
|
|
176 |
Crowds out other forms of entertainment (p.9). |
|
|
177 |
Affects volunteering rates (S. 6.1). |
|
|
178 |
Griswold and Nichols 2006, Social capital and casino gambling in US communities |
Found that the presence of casino gambling significantly reduces social capital when a casino is located within 15 miles of a community and impacts on that community's quality of life. |
|
Cultural normalisation of gambling |
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|
179 |
Children raised in problem gambling families are more likely to develop gambling problems. Gambling behaviour of problem gamblers family members directly influenced their own gambling behaviour by becoming a social norm (S. 10.1.1). |
|
|
180 |
Children who are more familiar with the culture of gambling because of parent's involvement are more likely to develop a problem themselves (Ch. 7). |
|
|
181 |
The liberalisation and normalisation of EGM gambling in Australia has led to higher rates |
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